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Science 24 December 2004:
Vol. 306. no. 5705, pp. 2257 - 2260
DOI: 10.1126/science.1104135
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Reports

Activity-Dependent Internalization of Smoothened Mediated by ß-Arrestin 2 and GRK2

Wei Chen,1* Xiu-Rong Ren,2 Christopher D. Nelson,2 Larry S. Barak,3 James K. Chen,4{dagger} Philip A. Beachy,4 Frederic de Sauvage,5 Robert J. Lefkowitz2*

Binding of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) to Patched (Ptc) relieves the latter's tonic inhibition of Smoothened (Smo), a receptor that spans the cell membrane seven times. This initiates signaling which, by unknown mechanisms, regulates vertebrate developmental processes. We find that two molecules interact with mammalian Smo in an activation-dependent manner: G protein–coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) leads to phosphorylation of Smo, and ß-arrestin 2 fused to green fluorescent protein interacts with Smo. These two processes promote endocytosis of Smo in clathrin-coated pits. Ptc inhibits association of ß-arrestin 2 with Smo, and this inhibition is relieved in cells treated with Shh. A Smo agonist stimulated and a Smo antagonist (cyclopamine) inhibited both phosphorylation of Smo by GRK2 and interaction of ß-arrestin 2 with Smo. ß-Arrestin 2 and GRK2 are thus potential mediators of signaling by activated Smo.

1 Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
2 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
3 Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
4 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
5 Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.



{dagger} Present address: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: lefko001{at}receptor-biol.duke.edu (R.J.L.) and w.chen{at}duke.edu (W.C.).

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