This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 7 April 2006: 15.
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Editorial:
FDA Centennial

Donald Kennedy
Science 7 April 2006: 19.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 7 April 2006: 21.
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NetWatch

Best of the Web in science.
Science 7 April 2006: 29.
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NEW PRODUCTS

Science 7 April 2006: 122.
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News of the Week

SOUTH KOREA: Premier Science University Ousts Unpopular President

D. Yvette Wohn
Science 7 April 2006: 32-33.
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U.S. SCIENCE POLICY: Revised NASA Media Rules Promise Greater Openness

Eli Kintisch
Science 7 April 2006: 32.
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PALEONTOLOGY: Fossil Shows an Early Fish (Almost) out of Water

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 7 April 2006: 33.
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GERMAN SCIENCE: With Friends Like CAESAR's, Who Needs Brutus?

Gretchen Vogel
Science 7 April 2006: 34.
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U.S. OCEAN POLICY: Major Fisheries Bill Introduced in House

Erik Stokstad
Science 7 April 2006: 34.
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CHEMISTRY: New Polymer May Rev Up the Output of Fuel Cells Used to Power Cars

Robert F. Service
Science 7 April 2006: 35.
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DEVELOPMENT AND ECOLOGY: Villagers Drafted Into China's Model of 'Sustainability'

Richard Stone
Science 7 April 2006: 36.
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MEDICINE: Old Drug, New Hope for Marfan Syndrome

John Travis
Science 7 April 2006: 36-37.
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ScienceScope

Science 7 April 2006: 35.
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Random Samples

Science 7 April 2006: 31.
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Newsmakers

Science 7 April 2006: 51.
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News Focus

SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: Cleaning Up the Paper Trail

Jennifer Couzin and Katherine Unger
Science 7 April 2006: 38-43.
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SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: Even Retracted Papers Endure

Katherine Unger and Jennifer Couzin
Science 7 April 2006: 40-41.
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U.S. EDUCATION POLICY: NSF Board Wades Into Swirling Debate on School Reform

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 7 April 2006: 45.
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ARAB SCIENCE: Qatar Taps Wells of Knowledge

Lone Frank
Science 7 April 2006: 46-47.
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ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE: Technique From Outer Space Takes On Earth Observation

Daniel Clery
Science 7 April 2006: 48-49.
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Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 7 April 2006: 53.
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 The Burden of Brain Disorders

Marcelo Cruz, Rachel Jenkins, and Donald Silberberg
Science 7 April 2006: 53.
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 Evolution of Metazoa and Fungi

Dirk Redecker;, Antonis Rokas, and Sean B. Carroll
Science 7 April 2006: 53-54.
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 Evaluating Education Effectiveness

Bruce Alberts;, Michael J. Feuer, and Jere Confrey
Science 7 April 2006: 54-55.
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Books et al.

ECOLOGY: The Dark Side of Night Lighting

David Hill
Science 7 April 2006: 56.
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VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY: True Giants on Earth

David Norman
Science 7 April 2006: 57.
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Books Received

Science 7 April 2006: 57.
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Policy Forum

PRIORITIES AND FUNDING: "Knowledge Innovation" and the Chinese Academy of Sciences

Richard P. Suttmeier, Cong Cao, and Denis Fred Simon
Science 7 April 2006: 58-59.
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Perspectives

SOCIAL SCIENCE: Enhanced: Cooperation, Punishment, and the Evolution of Human Institutions

Joseph Henrich
Science 7 April 2006: 60-61.
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EVOLUTION: Reducible Complexity

Christoph Adami
Science 7 April 2006: 61-63.
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PHYSICS: New Additions to the Schrödinger Cat Family

Nicolas Gisin
Science 7 April 2006: 63-64.
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CHEMISTRY: Chemistry in a Computer: Advancing the in Silico Dream

Alec M. Wodtke
Science 7 April 2006: 64-65.
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DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: Mixed Messages in Early Development

Stephen M. Cohen and Julius Brennecke
Science 7 April 2006: 65-66.
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Review

C-H Bond Functionalization in Complex Organic Synthesis

Kamil Godula and Dalibor Sames
Science 7 April 2006: 67-72.
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Brevia

Sexual Conflict via Maternal-Effect Genes in ZW Species

Paige M. Miller, Sergey Gavrilets, and William R. Rice
Science 7 April 2006: 73.
In species with Z and W sex chromosomes (such as birds and butterflies), a model predicts that genes with negative maternal effects on daughters accumulate on the Z chromosome. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Research Articles

Zebrafish MiR-430 Promotes Deadenylation and Clearance of Maternal mRNAs

Antonio J. Giraldez, Yuichiro Mishima, Jason Rihel, Russell J. Grocock, Stijn Van Dongen, Kunio Inoue, Anton J. Enright, and Alexander F. Schier
Science 7 April 2006: 75-79.
Published online 16 February 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1122689] (in Science Express Research Articles)
A small regulatory RNA promotes the degradation of the maternal messenger RNAs that are packaged into the oocyte to guide the first steps of animal development. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Evolution of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Through Plio-Pleistocene Glaciation

Kira T. Lawrence, Zhonghui Liu, and Timothy D. Herbert
Science 7 April 2006: 79-83.
Five million years of sea surface temperature data from the eastern equatorial Pacific point to the southern ocean as the source of the observed variations over long time scales. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Generating Optical Schrödinger Kittens for Quantum Information Processing

Alexei Ourjoumtsev, Rosa Tualle-Brouri, Julien Laurat, and Philippe Grangier
Science 7 April 2006: 83-86.
Published online 9 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1122858] (in Science Express Reports)
Subtraction of a photon from a squeezed coherent light pulse produces a small flying Schrödinger cat state (with an unbound photon), an essential element for quantum communication. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reactive and Nonreactive Scattering of H₂ from a Metal Surface Is Electronically Adiabatic

Pablo Nieto, Ernst Pijper, Daniel Barredo, Guillaume Laurent, Roar A. Olsen, Evert-Jan Baerends, Geert-Jan Kroes, and Daniel Farías
Science 7 April 2006: 86-89.
Published online 9 February 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1123057] (in Science Express Reports)
The interaction of H₂ with a platinum surface can be accurately modeled by treating electronic and nuclear motion as separate, confirming a basic approximation in chemical modeling. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Cobalt-Base High-Temperature Alloys

J. Sato, T. Omori, K. Oikawa, I. Ohnuma, R. Kainuma, and K. Ishida
Science 7 April 2006: 90-91.
Alloys based on cobalt maintain their strength at temperatures close to the melting point better than conventional alloys based on nickel or other metals. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

New Dust Belts of Uranus: One Ring, Two Ring, Red Ring, Blue Ring

Imke de Pater, Heidi B. Hammel, Seran G. Gibbard, and Mark R. Showalter
Science 7 April 2006: 92-94.
The broad inner ring of Uranus is unusually blue, like Saturn’s E ring at the same relative distance, and also has an embedded moon; the outer ring is red like Saturn’s G ring. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Deconvolution of the Factors Contributing to the Increase in Global Hurricane Intensity

C. D. Hoyos, P. A. Agudelo, P. J. Webster, and J. A. Curry
Science 7 April 2006: 94-97.
Published online 16 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1123560] (in Science Express Reports)
Higher sea surface temperature was the only statistically significant controlling variable related to the upward trend in global hurricane strength since 1970. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Evolution of Hormone-Receptor Complexity by Molecular Exploitation

Jamie T. Bridgham, Sean M. Carroll, and Joseph W. Thornton
Science 7 April 2006: 97-101.
A steroid receptor developed its modern specificity by changes in two amino acids, followed by modification of a steroid biosynthetic enzyme to make its ligand. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Phylogeny of the Ants: Diversification in the Age of Angiosperms

Corrie S. Moreau, Charles D. Bell, Roger Vila, S. Bruce Archibald, and Naomi E. Pierce
Science 7 April 2006: 101-104.
A phylogeny constructed with DNA sequence data from 139 of the 288 extantant genera indicates that modern ants arose 140 to 170 million years ago but diversified much later. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Platelet-Derived Serotonin Mediates Liver Regeneration

Mickael Lesurtel, Rolf Graf, Boris Aleil, Diego J. Walther, Yinghua Tian, Wolfram Jochum, Christian Gachet, Michael Bader, and Pierre-Alain Clavien
Science 7 April 2006: 104-107.
In mice, regeneration of damaged liver tissue unexpectedly requires the neurotransmitter serotonin carried by circulating blood platelets. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Competitive Advantage of Sanctioning Institutions

Özgür Gürerk, Bernd Irlenbusch, and Bettina Rockenbach
Science 7 April 2006: 108-111.
People choosing between two artificial societies initially pick one that tolerates free-loaders, but ultimately prefer the greater rewards of the other, in which free-loaders are punished. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Darwinian Evolution Can Follow Only Very Few Mutational Paths to Fitter Proteins

Daniel M. Weinreich, Nigel F. Delaney, Mark A. DePristo, and Daniel L. Hartl
Science 7 April 2006: 111-114.
Of 120 ways in which an enzyme can sequentially acquire five mutations that together confer drug resistance, 102 fail because the intermediate combinations decrease fitness. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Naïve and Memory CD4⁺ T Cell Survival Controlled by Clonal Abundance

Jason Hataye, James J. Moon, Alexander Khoruts, Cavan Reilly, and Marc K. Jenkins
Science 7 April 2006: 114-116.
Published online 2 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1124228] (in Science Express Reports)
Clonal subpopulations of immune T cells—each of which binds to a different antigen—are more stable if they contain smaller numbers of cells. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Losartan, an AT1 Antagonist, Prevents Aortic Aneurysm in a Mouse Model of Marfan Syndrome

Jennifer P. Habashi, Daniel P. Judge, Tammy M. Holm, Ronald D. Cohn, Bart L. Loeys, Timothy K. Cooper, Loretha Myers, Erin C. Klein, Guosheng Liu, Carla Calvi, Megan Podowski, Enid R. Neptune, Marc K. Halushka, Djahida Bedja, Kathleen Gabrielson, Daniel B. Rifkin, Luca Carta, Francesco Ramirez, David L. Huso, and Harry C. Dietz
Science 7 April 2006: 117-121.
A mouse study suggests that life-threatening heart defects in patients with Marfan syndrome may be preventable by losartan, a drug widely given for high blood pressure. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "PDK1 Nucleates T Cell Receptor-Induced Signaling Complex for NF-B Activation"

Thomas Gruber, Michael Freeley, Nikolaus Thuille, Isabelle Heit, Stephen Shaw, Aideen Long, and Gottfried Baier
Science 7 April 2006: 55.
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Response to Comment on "PDK1 Nucleates T Cell Receptor-Induced Signaling Complex for NF-B Activation"

Ki-young Lee, Jae-Hyuck Shim, Matthew S. Hayden, Jan-Schulze Luehrmann, and Sankar Ghosh
Science 7 April 2006: 55.
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